New insight to the oxidation kinetics of silicon-containing steel at high temperature

This study investigated the oxidation kinetics of silicon-containing steel at 1150–1300 °C using a Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer under atmospheric conditions similar to that of an industry reheating furnace. There is a critical time point for the oxidation kinetics at an oxygen concentration of 4·0 vol.-%., following which the oxidation rate constant increases with the increasing oxidation temperature. The model coefficient A in the kinetic oxidation equation was found to be constant. However, before the critical time point, the oxidation rate constant remained unchanged; the model coefficient A decreased with the increasing temperature. Therefore, the kinetic model of silicon-containing steel for isothermal oxidation was observed to be a modified one on the basis of the experimental data. In addition, the critical time point was prolonged with the increasing isothermal oxidation temperature. Moreover, the oxidation activation energy of the tested silicon-containing steel was 366·16 kJ mol^?1.     

香肠整体营养价值评价与包装正面标签应用研究进展

为促进我国消费者对香肠的合理消费与饮食健康，引导企业生产营养健康的香肠，利用《中国食物成分表》（第1册第2版）的16 种香肠及其营养素数据，构建富含营养素食物（nutrient-rich foods，NRF9.3）模型，评价香肠整体营养价值，并借鉴瑞典的锁孔（Keyhole）标识和英国的多交通灯信号标签进行相应的包装正面（front of package，FOP）标签应用探索。结果表明：除了儿童肠、火腿肠外，14 种香肠的NRF9.3＜0，每100 kcal的推荐性营养素含量均低于限制性营养素，对人体的营养价值较低，适合采用总结指示体系和特定营养素体系的FOP标签进行标示；因此，居民日常应限制香肠摄入，建议对脂肪、盐含量超标的香肠采用红色交通灯信号标签提醒消费者，对NRF9.3＞0的香肠实施单一的健康选择标识推荐消费者选购。     

双信号金纳米簇对三硝基甲苯的荧光分析

三硝基甲苯作为硝基芳香化合物的代表物,应用相当广泛。其对人体健康、生活环境均具有较大的危害,因此发展简单、便捷检测三硝基甲苯的分析方法非常有必要。利用环境友好的牛血清白蛋白和2-氨基嘌呤合成了双信号金纳米簇荧光探针,基于三硝基甲苯对金纳米簇荧光的淬灭作用,建立了一种检测三硝基甲苯的荧光分析新方法,检出限可达0.14μmol/L,该方法具有良好的灵敏度和选择性。     

原子荧光法测定食品中总砷的3种前处理法比较

目的建立准确、可靠、稳定的测定食品中总砷的分析方法。方法利用湿消解法、微波消解法、干灰化法分别处理食品样品,用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定食品中总砷的含量。结果鱼粉、紫菜(GBW 10023-GSB-14)、大米(GBW 10010)、鸡肉(GBW 10018)干灰化法测定总砷的结果为3.18±0.052、27.01±0.063、0.104±0.002、0.115±0.004 mg/kg均在参考值范围,加标回收率为93.7%~98.5%,RSD≤2.31%;湿消解法测定结果为3.12±0.041、26.93±0.072、0.103±0.003、0.112±0.003 mg/kg均在参考值范围,加标回收率为89.2%~97.5%,RSD≤1.92%;微波消解法处理鱼粉和紫菜的测定结果为1.74±0.032、15.40±0.096 mg/kg不足参考值的60%,但大米、鸡肉的测定值为0.102±0.001、0.114±0.005 mg/kg在参考值范围,加标回收率为96.3%~97.5%,RSD≤2.51%。湿消解法具有灵活调节消解温度,消解酸种类、用量和消解时间等优点,可适用于大部分食品样品的前处理;微波消解法耗费时间短,但用酸量大,适用于砷存在形态相对简单的样品;干灰化法耗费时间较长,适用于挥发温度高、油脂含量高、砷存在形态比较复杂的样品。结论湿消解法、干灰化法适用于大部分食品样品的前处理,微波消解法使用有局限性,仅适应于砷存在形态相对简单的样品。     

煤尘组分对瓦斯/煤尘复合爆炸下限的影响研究

瓦斯和煤尘复合爆炸是煤矿井下爆炸灾害的主要形式之一,研究瓦斯/煤尘复合爆炸下限变化规律,是有效防治煤矿爆炸灾害的必备条件。为研究煤尘组分对瓦斯/煤尘复合爆炸下限的影响,特选用2种组分不同的煤尘(烟煤和无烟煤)。依据EN 14034标准,使用10 kJ化学点火头在标准20L球形爆炸容器中,分别对2种煤尘的最小爆炸浓度、相同试验条件下的瓦斯爆炸下限以及煤尘与瓦斯的复合爆炸下限进行了测量。试验测得烟煤和无烟煤的最小爆炸浓度分别为50 g/m^3和70 g/m^3,瓦斯爆炸下限为4%。当煤尘中分别通入1%、2%、3%、4%的瓦斯后,烟煤最小爆炸浓度分别降低至40、20、5、0 g/m^3,无烟煤最小爆炸浓度分别降低至50、20、5、0 g/m^3。基于上述测量结果,对比分析了煤尘组分对瓦斯/煤尘复合爆炸下限变化规律的影响,并探讨了Le Chatelier、Bartknecht、Jiang等气粉复合爆炸下限预测模型对瓦斯/煤尘复合体系的适用性。结果表明:2种煤尘的最小爆炸浓度均随瓦斯浓度的增大而降低,但挥发分含量低的煤尘降幅更大,即瓦斯对低挥发分煤尘最小爆炸浓度的影响更为显著。Jiang模型预测值远远偏离实际测量值;Le Chatelier模型预测值高于实际测量值,且误差随瓦斯浓度的增大而增大;Bartknecht模型适用性相对较好,且更适用于低挥发分瓦斯/煤尘复合体系。     

Multi-stage intelligent operation optimization for a hydrocracking fractionation system with a multi-fractionator series-parallel structure

A fractionation system is an essential unit in the hydrocracking process. Its optimal operation is challenging because of the complexity in the structure of the distillation tower and composition of the stream. In addition, the series-parallel structure between the distillation towers of different techniques aggravates the coupling and complexity of the hydrocracking fractionation system (HFS). This, in turn, increases the time complexity of the optimization problem. In this paper, a rigorous mechanism model of an actual HFS is first applied to describe the operating conditions of the HFS. Then, an improved state transition algorithm (STA) with a staged evaluation strategy is proposed to solve the above problem. To overcome problems caused by the series-parallel structure of HFS, the model is divided into multiple stages for evaluation by mechanism analysis. Furthermore, several typical convergence estimation criteria are introduced to reduce unnecessary model calculations. To solve time-consuming problems associated with HFS optimization, the adaptive change operator is used to improve the search function of the original algorithm and two performance criteria are presented to reduce the optimization time. The proposed algorithm is successfully applied to the operational parameter optimization problem of HFS with a multi-fractionator series-parallel structure. The experimental results indicated that the staged evaluation strategy improved the fast convergence probability of the HFS mechanism model and reduced unnecessary calculations, whereas the improved algorithm increased accuracy and significantly decreased optimization time.     

卡头零件多工位级进模设计

根据卡头零件的结构特点及实际生产的技术要求,进行多工位级进模排样设计,由于卡头零件结构为对称结构,故其排样设计采用对称单排结构设计,导正孔设计采用零件本身处于对称轴处的工艺孔,以保证板料冲裁、折弯时的强度,以及确保送料精度,同时采用导正销确定步距。该卡头零件多工位级进模采用顺装结构,使得工件与废料自然分离,有利于减少人工成本。同时,由于该零件折弯次数较多,为保证板料成形精度,故合理地进行了空工位的设计,避免成形零件发生回弹等影响零件精度。生产结果表明,卡头零件多工位级进模能满足产品生产要求,该模具的材料利用率高达75.62%,极大地节省了材料。